A-Z glossary

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Cage
A "floating" ring of iron or wood which maintains the spacing of the rollers or balls in a shot curb.

Cake
The result after extraction of the oil from the seeds with the stampers.

Cake Breaker (Crusher)
A machine for breaking up animal cake such as linseed or cotton cake - the residue from oil manufacture.

Calcined Flint
Flint nodules roasted in a kiln to make them easier to grind. Then crushed & ground in water in a GRINDING PAN to provide a component part of potters "clay" for making white pottery. It is rich in silica and airborne dust causes silicosis. Early grinding was done in air with resultant lung damage.

Calcining Kiln
See Flint Kiln.

Calender
A set or stack of rollers or rolls between which the paper passes and is smoothed by their weight or heated rollers for hot pressing and glazing The CALENDER is placed at the end of the paper-machine while the super-calender is separate. Both may have heated rolls. In the 1850's usually a separate finishing process but now usually integrated in the Paper mill.

Calendrer or Calenderer
An operator of stacks of CALENDERS or heated rollers for hot pressing and glazing of cloth or paper as used in textile and paper making. In the 1850's usually a separate finishing process but now usually integrated in the paper mill.

Callipers
Two curved lifting irons which connect a STONE CRANE to the RUNNER STONE via pins inserted into sockets set into the edge of the stone. The curvature of the irons allows the stone to be turned over while being suspended. Compare a STIRRUP which serves the same function but is a single piece of metal.

Cam-Pellet Press
A type of pellet press in which pressure is applied to unconsolidated black-powder by the action of a cam.

Camel Bogie
Term for a large bogie used to convey smaller bogies.

Cams
Projecting studs on a trip wheel or axle (camshaft), employed to operate hammers or stamps or other devices requiring intermittent motion e.g.sieves.

Camshaft
A SHAFT to which CAMS are fitted.

Canaille
See Middlings.

Canister
See Poll End.

Canister Box
See Poll End.

Cannon-Boring Mill
A MILL used for the purpose of boring the barrels of cannon, using water power.

Cant Post
Strong wooden corner posts of a smock mill, canted inwards as they rise. (origin probably from Dutch KANT = side).

Cants
The segments of the wooden rim of a GEAR WHEEL to which the SPOKES and COGS are attached e.g. BRAKE WHEEL, SPUR WHEEL. If the cants are so large as to fill the centre of a wheel, the wheel is 'planked solid'.

Canvas
The cloths which are spread on a common sail.

Cap
The moveable roof and frame supporting the WINDSHAFT, SAILS and luffing gear in a TOWER or SMOCK MILL. This cap may have several different shapes most of which are not readily defined e.g. : boat, conical, dome, ogee, onion, pent, pepperpot etc and which may also possess regional variations of construction.

Cap Centring Wheels
Wheels attached to the cap frame which keep the CAP centrally on the CURB.

Cap Circle
The lower bearing surface of the cap which rests on the curb, from which the rafters of the cap may rise.

Cap Floor
The DUST FLOOR.

Cap Frame
The horizontal timber frame forming the base of the cap.

Cap Piece
The rear tie beam of the sheers.

Cap Rafter Circle
In caps with an approximately circular base, the horizontal ring, built over the base members of the cap frame, that supports the rafters.

Cap Ribs
Rafters in the cap, or in a post mill roof.

Cap Roller
See Roller.

Cap Sheers
See Sheers.

Cap Sills
Diagonal timber braces in the corners of the main frame of a cap, which cover the surface of the curb. The ones at the front may run under the breast beam, supporting it.

Cap Spars
See Cap Ribs.

Caplog
The heavy timber secured across the top of a milldam to minimise wear.

Capstan
A rope winding roller or drum which is rotated by the insertion of rods or bars into holes through the roller. May be used for lifting MILLSTONES or for WINDING the mill.

Capstan Head and Bar
A rack and pinion arrangement for lifting a sluice gate, which has an iron pinion attached to a capstan head to allow an iron bar to be used.

Capstan Wheel
On tailpole winded tower or smock mill caps, the large spoked and handled winch wheel sometimes fitted to the lower end of the tailpole to assist hand winding.

Carborundum
The trade name of an abrasive compound of silicon and carbon which is sometimes used for making COMPOSITION millstones.

Carcass
The wooden body of a post or smock mill (carpentry/building term for structural timberwork).

Cardboard
A term applied to thick, stiff papers, or stiff board produced by passing together a number of layers of paper.

Carding
The preliminary stage before spinning, to open, straighten and mix the wool or other fibres.

Carding Machine
A combing device employed in woollen mills, prior to spinning, to produce a thick roll of cleaned wool with the staple all in one direction. Also used with cotton and other fibres.

Carding Mill
See Carding Machine.

Carman
The driver of a horse van

Carriage
See Fantail Carriage.

Carriage Piece
A cast-iron support or container for bearing brasses.

Carrier
Part of the timber feed mechanism in a saw mill.

Carry (Caul,Cauld)
The weir or dam that diverts water from the supplying stream into the lade (Scot.).

Cart Level Floor
A floor at a convenient height for loading onto a cart.

Case
See Tun.

Casing
See Tun.

Casing
See Tun.

Cast Iron
Iron which has been melted (either, anciently in a blast furnace or in a cupola). The molten iron is removed from the bottom of the furnace and poured into moulds. Cast Iron tends to be brittle due to absorption of carbon and other impurities from the fuel and ore. See CASTING.

Casting
A metal object made by pouring molten iron, brass or other metal into a mould having the shape of the required object. When the metal has cooled and solidified, the finished or partly finished object is removed from the mould. Moulds are usually made of damp sand, by imprinting a PATTERN.

Catchpole’s Sky Scrapers
See Air Brakes.

Catwalk
May be used for the staging round a mill.

Cavier Mill
A type of HOLLOW POST MILL of the Loire Valley, France (literally 'cave mill').

Cellulose
The basic substance of paper manufacture, the chemical formula being C6 H10 05. It is the predominant constituent of plant tissues from which it must be separated before it can be used.

Centering Frame
A heavy timber frame at dust floor level, suspended from the cap frame by uprights and braces, used to weigh down the cap and to keep it centred within the curb of a tower mill via an iron ring encircling the upright shaft. Called a WELL-FRAME by Rex Wailes by the analogy of its shape to a well-sinking frame.

Centering Wheels
The guide and restraining wheels of the cap, in a smock or tower mill.

Centre Beam
The main central beam of the cap frame. See SPRATTLE BEAM.

Centre Of Wheel
Iron HUB with spokes in one or two pieces. sometimes known as spider.

Centre Post
See Post.

Centre Tub
A tubular-shaped member in the centre of a flint-GRINDING PAN through which the SHAFT(3) passes. It prevents water and slurry escaping from the centre of the pan.

Centrifugal
A rotating FLOUR DRESSER in which the ground material is forced against a circumferential sieve by internal rotating beaters. The sieve also rotates, but slowly. also known as CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR and CENTRIFUGAL REEL SEPARATOR.

Centrifugal Governor
Governors working by centrifugal force. See GOVERNOR

Centrifugal Reel Separator
See Centrifugal.

Centrifugal Separator
See Centrifugal.

Centring Frame
A rectangular open frame suspended below a cap frame, to weigh down the cap and keep it centred within the curb of a tower mill. Called a WELL-FRAME by Rex Wailes by the analogy of its shape to a well-sinking frame.

Centring Ring
A hollow cast-iron cylinder suspended below the cap centring frame with external rollers engaging with the main floor beams, and through which the main vertical shaft passes.

Centring Wheels
See Cap Centring Wheels.

Chafery
A forge at an ironworks where wroughtiron was re-heated for further hammering.

Chaff
Husks and winnowings separated from grain.

Chain Conveyer
A machine to convey material horizontally, consisting of a wood or metal trough in which scrapers, fixed to two chains, drag the material along.

Chain Creeper
See Chain Conveyer.

Chain Hoist
See Sack Hoist.

Chain Lines
The more widely-spaced WATERMARK lines across the narrow way of the sheet. They are caused by the tying wires which bind the laid lines into the cover of the mould.

Chain Pole
A pole extending down from the fanstage for attaching the striking chain to when the mill is not working. It is equipped with pulleys at the bottom end, through which the chain passes, to prevent it swinging about and hitting the mill tower.

Chain Posts
Posts used to fasten the end of the ANCHOR CHAIN when WINDING a mill with a TAILPOLE using a winch.

Chain Pump
TBD

Chain Purchase Wheel
See Y-Wheel.

Chain Sling
See Sling.

Chain Wheel
Wheel turned by means of an endless chain; for winding mill or working striking gear etc. (can be used in reverse for sack hoist e.g. in Lincolnshire). See also Y-WHEEL. Also applied to a wheel in a hoist - either carrying sack chain or as a driving means.

Chair Block
A wooden block carrying the NECKBEARING, same as PILLOW-BLOCK.

Chairs
Cast-iron fittings fastened under a cap frame acting as bearings for rollers in a LIVE CURB.

Chalder
13.5 cwt. (Scot.).

Chamber Lye
Was an important detergent used in the Fulling process. It is, of course, a polite name for urine. In some places this was purchased from householders at 1d per pot, hence the expression "to spend a penny".

Check Flange
See Keep Flange.

Cheek Pieces
Pairs of tapered wooden beams clamped and bolted either side of the centre of a windmill stock to reinforce it. Same as CLAMPS. (Kent).

Cheeks
Blocks either side of a windshaft for checking it in a gale.

Chemical Wood Pulp
Wood reduced to PULP by a chemical process, e.g. by boiling or digesting with either caustic soda, caustic soda and sulphate or soda or bi-sulphate of lime.

Chert
A variety of quartz, resembling flint, but more brittle, occurring in strata. Also called hornstone. (used in flint grinding pans).

Chert Stone
A stone with a high silica content, used for grinding CALCINED FLINT. Hard varieties, used as pavers, are obtained from N. Wales near Gronant & at Richmond Yorks. Softer varieties veined with limestone, used as RUNNERS, from Derbyshire.

Chill
The hardened (external surface) portion of a chilled iron roller. (made by rapid cooling of casting, hence 'chilled iron/steel')..

Chondrometer
An instrument used to give the weight of a bushel of grain, using only a small sample. Sometimes spelt chrondrometer.

Chop
The product of a millstone or of a break in a roller mill.

Chubbins
Oversize fragments of corned powder from Glaze & Dust houses. See also `Stops' (Gatebeck).

Chute
See Spout.

Cider Mill
A MILL in which apples are pulped and pressed to extract the juice for cider making.

Cill
The edge from which the water enters the wheel.

Circles
The circular rims of a waterwheel onto which the paddles are fitted.

Circular Dress
A MILLSTONE dressing where the furrows have one or both edges cut in a circular arc.

Circular Furrow
See Dress.

Clam
An iron grip inserted into the side of millstone for lifting it. Also known as a CLAW, LEWISES (set of).

Clamp Iron(s)
U-shaped brackets holding the sails to the stocks.

Clamps
Strengthening wooden members bolted to each side of the STOCKS & locking the sail assembly in the POLL END. also called CHEEKS, CHEEK PIECES or SIDE CHEEKS.

Clap
The weather-board cover for the open windows of a post mill (unglazed).

Clap Boards
Butted boarding used for cladding. (nearly obsolete Essex term).

Clapper
(1) Wood or stone block used as a primitive regulator to control flow of grain from shoe to stones, now obsolete in England. Usually associated with a HORIZONTAL MILL. V

Claps
Trap doors in a windmill (old Sussex).

Clasp Arm Wheel
A WHEEL where two pairs of ARMS form a square through which the shaft passes. Wedges are inserted to centre and ensure a tight fit. Increasingly used from the C18th onwards. V

Claw
See Clam.

Clay Seal
Clay used to seal a flint GRINDING PAN against water leakage.

Clean Floor
Floor, or gangway between buildings, where special rubber-soled shoes or overshoes were worn to minimise entry of grit to the process of manufacture.

Cleaning Machine
See Grain Cleaner.

Cleat
(1) Peg to secure a furled sail cloth. (2) A strengthening plate (C17th Hants).

Cleats
Small cast-iron bearings screwed to a sweep frame for shutters to swing in. Same as THIMBLES (Kent).

Clewer
The control hatch for the water supply to a wheel or bypass (northern term).

Clews
SLUICES (N Yorks).

Click
Catch used to lock the winding gear of the penstock or rack & pinion of other water controls. Also called a DETENT. See also RATCHET WHEEL syn.: PAWL.

Clinker
Hard, adherent powder accumulated on the mill-bed or runners during incorporation.

Clockwise Sails
SAILS of a WINDMILL that run clockwise when viewed from the front of the mill.

Clog Mill
A wood-working mill equipped for making clogs for footwear.

Cloose
Sluice (Scot.).

Close Stone
Dense stones with few 'bubbles'

Close Stones
See Millstone.

Closed Bucket
See Buckets.

Cloth Sails
See Common Sails.

Clothing
The act of spreading cloths or closing shutters of sails.

Clothing Mechanism
See Reefing Tackle.

Clothing Trolley
See Moving Stage.

Cloths
See Canvas.

Clough
See Sluice.

Cloves
Crossbridge trees.

Clow
See Sluice.

Clutch
A mechanical means of engaging or disengaging a drive between two shafts.

Clutch Box
A coupling, capable of being disengaged & engaged, in two or three part upright shafts (Essex) .

Coach Screw
A large screw for fastening timbers together, with a square head instead of a screwdriver slot.

Coating
The term applied to mineral substances such as china clay which are used to cover the surface of the paper to make it more suitable for some methods of printing.

Cock Head
The pivot point on top of the STONE SPINDLE which supports the bridge of the RUNNER STONE. Also known as an ONION HEAD.

Cock Horse
A horse, often ridden, added to the front of another to help with drawing a heavy load

Cock Pit
See Cog Pit.

Cockeye
Socket at the centre of the BALANCE RHYND. Serves as supporting bearing for the runner stone.

Cocking Lever
A wooden lever for lifting the steps of a POST MILL when turning it to wind. Same as TALTHUR (Essex).

Cockle Cylinder
An indented SEPARATOR for cleaning GRAIN. See also TRIEUR.

Cockler
See Cockle Cylinder.

Cocoa Powder
A brown gunpowder made with incompletely carbonised wood or straw, in place of charcoal. It contained some volatile organic matter and had a lower ignition temperature than ordinary black powder.

Coffer Dam
A temporary dam to allow construction / alteration work in a river bed, completely surrounding the work being undertaken.

Coffin Cross
An iron cross to carry windmill sails, having flanged sides forming a channel into which each SAIL-BACK fits.

Cog (gearing)
When the 'teeth' of a GEAR WHEEL are separate and replaceable they are called COGS. May be wooden (or metal). Need to be a resilient close-grained wood. Woods used: Apple, Beech, Pear, Hornbeam, Oak, Acacia, Hawthorn, Holly, Ash and Oak often being used for wet work. Wooden COGS, the SHANKS of which are fitted tightly into MORTISES in the rim of the wheel after the fashion of a TENON, are secured by wedges or pins after the fashion of TUSK TENONS.

Cog (weight)
A measure which is a quarter of a PECK. (Northern Scotland)

Cog Blanks
Roughly-shaped wooden cogs ready for mounting and shaping.

Cog Box
(1) A wooden jig used to cut out the blanks for wooden gear cogs. (2) The cupboard enclosing the driving gears of the mill. Usually on the SPOUT FLOOR.

Cog Hole
In watermills, the space enclosed by the hursting, containing the pit wheel & drive to the stones.

Cog Pit
The hole or pit in which the PIT WHEEL runs. See also WHEELPIT

Cog Rail
See Rack.

Cog Ring
See Rack.

Cog Room
See Cog Box.

Cog Wheel
A GEAR WHEEL fitted with COGS

Coiled Spring
See Springs.

Collar
The grooved, moving cylindrical component of a centrifugal governor, attached to the links, and engaged by the fork of the STEELYARD. Same as SPOOL.

Collar Plate
Two pieces of sheet metal, each with a semi-circular cut-away, encircling the neck journal of a windshaft to exclude the weather. Sometimes found on waterwheel shafts as well (Kent).

Cologne Stone
See Cullin Stone.

Colour Mill
Mill for grinding materials to produce colour for paint.

Combination Pulley
A pulley wheel made of wood and metal, usually having a wooden rim on an iron hub.

Common Sails
Traditional northern Europe windmill sails, where cloth, sacking or canvas is spread on a lattice framework, each sail being set separately to suit the wind conditions, Is the earliest type of sail now in use in England. Various terms are used to indicate the varying amount of cloth spread on a common sail. See also JIB SAILS

Common Toll
See Toll.

Commons
See Common Sails.

Compass Arm Wheel
Wooden wheel with radial arms mortised through the shaft on which it is mounted. This tended to weaken the shaft.

Composite Mill
A rare "post mill" variant, where the body of the mill is supported on the walls of the round-house, but it has no post. See also TURRET MILL.

Composition Stone
An artificial millstone with CARBORUNDUM, EMERY, crushed BURR or similar abrasive material applied as a grinding face with a cement backing.

Compound Steam Engine
A beam engine utilising the exhaust steam from its high pressure cylinder to feed a low pressure cylinder.

Conditioning
Controlled moistening of grain to prepare it for grinding by softening the bran and mellowing the floury part of the berry.

Cone Clutch
A CLUTCH in which the power is transmitted between the shafts by means of the friction occurring when an internal and an external conical bearing, faces of the same angle, are in contact.

Conglomerate
A rock composed of rounded fragments of various rocks cemented together in a mass of hardened clay and sand.

Conical Clutch
A mechanical means of engaging or disengaging a drive, where the bearing faces are conical.

Conical Pendulum
See Governor.

Connecting Rod
A rod designed to convert circular motion into 'to and fro' motion in steam and other engines etc. Used in saw mills.

Constant Pitch Sails
Sails with bars set at identical angles to the whip from inner to outer end.

Control Gate
Gate near waterwheel at the end of the flume. Controls flow of water to wheel. Also called SHUT. See SLUICE. See PENSTOCK.

Conveyor
See Auger.

Cooler
lidded steel drum in which freshly-carbonised charcoal was cooled and conditioned prior to being ground, thus avoiding spontaneous ignition.

Coom
The dust which comes off the oat grain during SHELLING.

Coombe (Coomb)
Four bushels of any kind of grain (not flour).

Cooperage
Building where barrels were made by coopers,

Copes
Strengthening pieces of timber.

Corbel
A block of stone/brick/timber projecting from a wall, supporting some feature on its horizontal top surface.

Corbelled Walls
Walls built out or thickened to support floor beams or joists.

Corebox
(1) A term used by Jesse Wightman for the iron box set in the eye of a bedstone to receive the spindle. See NECK BOX . (2) The iron box containing the steady bearing in a BEDSTONE. (3) The box used for making sand moulds for castings.

Corn
Grain or seed of any cereal crop. In America it means only MAIZE. See GRAIN MAIZE.

Corn Cleaner
See Grain Cleaner.

Corn Cracker
Early grist mill made of logs; usually equipped with a tub wheel or small overshot wheel and a single pair of stones.

Corn Cutter and Grader
Cuts wheat or maize into grits and grades it according to particle size.

Corn Laws
Protective regulatory statutes controlling import & export of grain from time of Edward III till 1846 when Free Trade was introduced by Peel. Bounties paid on export & duties on imports.

Corn Mill
A MILL in which WHEAT and other cereals are ground and may be further processed for the manufacture of foodstuffs such as FLOUR.

Corner Posts
(1) FALSE. If the body of a post mill is extended backwards or forwards, the lighter construction posts are "false". (2) TRUE. The corner posts of a post mill body. Where the body has been extended (or is so constructed) to have FALSE rear corner posts, true corner posts lie within the body towards the rear.

Corning
Process whereby compressed slabs of milled black powder are broken by being passed between a series of toothed, fluted or smooth gunmetal or zinc rollers, and then separated or `cut' by sieving into granules of approximately even size.

Corset
The iron frame, consisting of two or more encircling bands with straps at right angles, to give support to timber. e.g. to the top of a mill post.

Cotter
An iron pin, wedge or bolt for securing parts of machinery, usually having taper sides to wedge firmly in position.

Cotter Pin
A split COTTER that is opened after passing through a hole.

Cotton Mill
A TEXTILE MILL in which cotton is processed.

Couch
The action of transferring the newly-formed paper from the hand mould onto a felt blanket so that the water may be pressed out.

Couch-Rolls
They are situated at the end of the moving wire from which paper is transferred onto a felt blanket on a FOURDRINIER paper-machine.

Coucher
The person who lifts off the papermaking frame to produce hand-made paper.

Counter Backs
Special clamps behind the SAILS, in use in the north-west.

Counter Bearing
In a WATERMILL where the WALLOWER is on a horizontal shaft which carries a BEVEL GEAR(s) or FACE WHEEL(s), to drive the STONES.

Counter Wheel
(1) A gear connecting one or more other gears or wheels and turning in an opposite direction. (2) The bevel wheel on the horizontal countershaft of a drainage mill with a turbine pump, engaging the crown wheel on the bottom of the UPRIGHT-SHAFT. (Norfolk).

Countershaft
A drive shaft parallel to another, but running in the opposite direction.

Courbe
The curved section making up part of the rim of a waterwheel (medieval term).

Cover
The wire surface of a hand MOULD through which the water drains, leaving the fibres behind to form a sheet of paper. It is also applied to the surface of a dandy roll.

Cow-Pop Wheel
A half lantern or TRUNDLE WHEEL. See TRUNDLE WHEEL.

Crackers
`Corning rolls covered with pyramidal teeth.

Cracking
The series of fine grooves or crackson the LANDS of MILLSTONES. As many as 16 to the inch may be cut.Also known as stitching, feathering, scratching or drills. Pits at irregular intervals, instead of grooves, are cut for grinding oats.

Cracking (milling process)
The process of breaking maize, beans etc. between MILLSTONES or ROLLERS.

Crackings
Powder which has settled and hardened on the shaft of glazing drums (Hounslow).

Cracks
See CRACKING.

Cradle
(1) see HORSE. (2) A small portable cage, suspended by ropes from above, used to gain access to the outside of a mill for maintenance such as painting.

Crammings
Milled products (probably oats) used for force-feeding poultry (dialect word - Surrey C19th).

Cramps
The metal rings around the main gudgeon (i.e. GUDGEON RINGS).

Crane
See STONE CRANE.

Crank
A part of or attachment to a rotary SHAFT which is offset such that its axis which is parallel with the shaft, describes a circle when the shaft rotates. Usually used in conjunction with a "connecting rod" to convert the rotary motion of the shaft into a reciprocating motion as for oscillating a sieve. Also used as a component part of engines.

Crank Floor
The stage of the sawmill with the CRANKSHAFT.

Crank Lever
See Triangles.

Crank Wheel
The wheel of the CRANKSHAFT which engages the brake wheel.

Crankshaft
A rotary SHAFT which is fitted or incorporated with a CRANK.

Creeper
A chain-hauled scrapers running in a rectangular duct.

Crib
See Tun.

Crook String
A cord used to adjust and hold the angle of the shoe feeding grain to the eye of the RUNNER STONE, also where it operates a GATE, SLIDE or SPATTLE in the HOPPER or SHOE as alternative means of control. Also known as CORD (Northern TERM). See TWIST PEG.

Cross
(1)The four-armed fitting on the front of the STRIKING-ROD in a PATENT SAIL set-up. Same as SPIDER (Kent). (2) see IRON CROSS.

Cross Bridge Tree
See Brayer.

Cross Iron
See Spider.

Cross Ribs
See Feathers.

Cross Stayed
Diagonal iron stays, set between the frames of a waterwheel to strengthen it.

Cross Tree
(1) A main horizontal member of the underframe (TRESTLE) of a POST MILL. There are commonly two, set at right-angles, but sometimes three. The outer ends carry the QUARTER BARS & the centre intersection fits the horns on the bottom of the MILL POST to steady it. The crosstrees normally rest on masonry or brick piers and carry the weight of the whole structure via the quarter bars. (2) In a horizontal watermill, a horizontal bar which steadies the LIGHTENING TREE at half its height to resist side thrust.

Cross-Eye
See Poll End.

Cross-Head Gudgeon
See Cross-Tailed Gudgeon.

Cross-Tailed Gudgeon
Bearing pin or JOURNAL with four wings, which the end of the shaft is shaped to fit and securely hold the wings to hold the bearing pin true.

Crossbar
See Rhynd.

Crosshalved
A joint between two pieces of timber which cross each other, each let into the other.

Crotch
The Y-shaped end of a quant which slots over the BRIDGE into the MACE on overdriven stones.

Crotch Spindle
See Quant.

Crow
Name often used in old documents for CROWBAR.

Crowbar
An iron bar having a flattened slightly curved end. Used to raise or lower the RUNNER STONE in conjunction with a MANYHEIGHT and STONE WEDGE to allow a ROPE SLING to be passed through the EYE of the stone for use in turning the stone over for DRESSING. Also known as PINCH BAR. See also STONE WEDGE. Known as a GAVELOCK in northern counties.

Crowdie
A broth made from toasted oatmeal (Scot. and N Eng.).

Crown Wheel
(1) A horizontal gear wheel mounted above the GREAT SPUR WHEEL near the top of the main upright shaft, from which secondary drives may be taken for auxiliary machinery including the SACK HOIST. (2) WALLOWER in a windmill (Lincolnshire/Suffolk).

Crowned Face
The curved face of a pulley wheel which causes the belt to run to the centre of its driving face. (This will often allow belt drive when shafts are not truly parallel).

Crowntree
Principal stout transverse framing beams of the BODY of a POST MILL, pivoting on top of the POST.

Crub
See Tun.

Crubble
see TUN.

Crubble
See Tun.

Crusher
A machine for crushing oats, barley etc.

Crutch
See Quant.

Crutch Pole
See Quant.

Crutch Spindle
See Quant.

Cullen Stone
See Cullin Stone.

Cullin Stone
Basalt stones (a blue/black lava) from the Eifel region of Germany exported via Cologne (from Mayen in the Rhineland)

Culvert
An underground water channel, sometimes used to supply or drain a waterwheel (e.g. Quarry Bank Mill, Styal).

Cupola
(1) see CAP SHAPES - DOMED. (2) A type of furnace for melting cast iron.

Curb
The circular timber or iron wall plate including the TRACK supporting the revolving cap of a smock or tower mill.

Curb Bolts
Long-shafted bolts extending below the dust floor and holding down the curb in a tower mill.

Curb Roller
See Roller.

Curb Roof
Vernacular for a pitched roof having a double slope now called a MANSARD ROOF after the French architect (obsolete Essex term).

Curvilinear Bucket
A curved FLOAT associated with a PONCELET waterwheel. The curved floats minimising turbulence and increasing efficiency.

Custom Mill
A mill that grinds grain for customers in return for a TOLL or portion of the end product.

Cut Off
An adjustable dividing board under a sieve to allow the miller to change the flow of flour in order to get the best result from the milling/sieving operations.

Cut Straight
A straight flour from which a (better ) part has been removed.

Cycloidal Gearing
The TEETH of a GEAR WHEEL, the shapes of which are curved in accordance with the path traced by a point on one circle (the generating circle) as it is rolled inside or outside of another circle (the pitch circle).

Cylinder
A term indiscriminately applied to various kinds of rolls or drums on paper-machines. More particularly the term is applied to the steam-heated cylinders used for drying the web of paper.

Cylinder Machine
Invented by John Dickinson in 1809 and has a cylinder covered with wire through which the water drains, leaving the PULP on the surface. The cylinder is partially immersed in a vat of PULP. It has been developed into board machines and machines for making paper with complex WATERMARKS.

Cylinder Mould Machine
See Cylinder Machine.